En general, la genética se utiliza para mirar hacia atrás: observamos un efecto fenotípico, por ejemplo una enfermedad que está presente en un paciente pero no en sus padres o hermanos, y luego tratamos de establecer cuál es la razón genética subyacente de la enfermedad. Esencialmente buscamos regiones del genoma donde el perfil genético del paciente difiera de otros miembros de su familia, pero debido a que los genomas son tan grandes y complejos, la identificación de los genes puede ser muy difícil.
Hoy en día, gracias al uso de las nuevas tecnologías genómicas, la identificación de los genes responsables de una característica es una tarea relativamente sencilla. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los genes no actúan de forma independiente, sino que interactúan entre sí de una manera muy compleja que todavía no entendemos bien y para complicar aún más las cosas también influyen los factores ambientales.
La genómica sintética le da la vuelta a este punto de vista; genera partes de un genoma en un tubo de ensayo para insertarlas en un organismo. En 2010 Craig Venter, uno de los protagonistas de la biología sintética, demostró que podía sintetizar un genoma químicamente e insertarlo en una bacteria recipiente, previamente vaciada de su código genético, dando lugar a una célula viva de origen sintético. El trabajo de Shrinivasan Chandrasegar va un paso más allá.
Con la ayuda de un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad John Hopkins, ha creado un cromosoma sintético de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (una levadura utilizada en la producción de vino y pan) y lo ha insertado en el organismo original. Esta cepa de levadura es un organismo modelo común que se utiliza en los laboratorios de todo el mundo ya que es fácil de manejar y mantener.
Lo interesante de este cromosoma sintético es que está diseñado de manera que sus partes pueden encenderse y apagarse según se desee, lo que permite un estudio mucho más profundo de las interacciones entre los diferentes elementos funcionales del cromosoma.
El trabajo prueba que la inserción de cromosomas funcionales en un organismo superior es posible sin poner en peligro su viabilidad. Su plan a largo plazo es reemplazar todos los cromosomas de levadura por equivalentes sintéticos para conseguir un sistema en el que las piezas se puedan encender y apagar a voluntad, con el fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de cómo funcionan unos sistemas tan complejos como los genomas.
El estudio es especialmente interesante ya que puede implicar un beneficio para la investigación de las enfermedades humanas ya que actualmente la comprensión de cómo los genes interactúan se basa en estudios con este tipo de levadura.
Fuente: www.elmundo.es
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