El mito de los suplementos antioxidantes se derrumba

2.703 comentarios / Por /

Los complejos de antioxidantes no alargan la vida.

  • Tomar a diario complejos vitamínicos puede ser contraproducente
  • Los radicales libres no son siempre los malos de la película

María Sánchez-Monge | Madrid

¿Tomar suplementos de vitaminas antioxidantes es bueno o malo? En teoría, su función es positiva: contrarrestar el daño oxidativo. Sin embargo, las personas que los consumen de forma habitual no gozan de mejor salud. Es más, una ingesta excesiva puede ser contraproducente e, incluso, incrementar la mortalidad. Si usted toma alguno de estos complejos porque se lo ha recetado su médico para tratar una deficiencia concreta, siga haciéndolo. Lo que cuestionan los expertos es su uso como píldora de la eterna juventud o como revulsivo que mantiene a raya el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras dolencias.

Hace años se pensaba que los agentes oxidantes (radicales libres, especies reactivas del oxígeno) eran siempre perjudiciales, pero hoy se sabe que también pueden ser beneficiosos, ya que ejercen ciertas funciones valiosas, como contribuir a la síntesis de energía o potenciar nuestras defensas. La clave está en el equilibrio entre oxidantes y antioxidantes; hay que evitar un exceso en cualquiera de los dos lados de la balanza.

Varios expertos reunidos en Madrid con motivo del XI Congreso de la Federación Europea de Sociedades de Nutrición debatieron sobre las últimas evidencias científicas relativas al papel de los antioxidantes. José Viña, del Departamento de Fisiología de la Faculta de Medicina de la Universidad de Valencia, hizo especial hincapié en la relación entre estos micronutrientes y el ejercicio físico.

El deporte, que es una actividad indiscutiblemente saludable, genera radicales libres. Resulta lógico pensar que el uso de complejos vitamínicos reducirá esos agentes oxidantes. Sin embargo, tal y como apuntó Viña, «el ejercicio moderado es antioxidante». Conclusión: mejor no interferir en los mecanismos de autorregulación de nuestro organismo. «Los antioxidantes pueden ser recomendables para el ejercicio extenuante [como correr un Tour de Francia], pero no para el entrenamiento habitual», precisó.

Una fuente esencial de antioxidantes son las frutas y las verduras. Está demostrado que su consumo es beneficioso para la salud. Según Michael Ristow, profesor de Nutrición Humana de la Universidad de Jena (Alemania), «es un error pensar que estos alimentos son buenos sólo porque tienen antioxidantes; contienen centenares de otros ingredientes que son esenciales para prevenir multitud de enfermedades». Esos otros elementos no se encuentran en las pastillas de vitaminas.

Lo cierto es que los resultados de los ensayos clínicos y las revisiones sistemáticas publicados recientemente dan al traste con las expectativas que había generado este campo de la nutrición. «Suplementos y reducción de la mortalidad y del riesgo de enfermar, ¿otro mito que se desvanece?». Así enunció su conferencia Antonis Zampelas, del Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Alimentación de la Universidad Agrícola de Atenas (Grecia).

La respuesta es sí; la leyenda ya no se sostiene. En la mayoría de los casos, la administración de las vitamina A, C, E o de selenio no tuvo ningún efecto beneficioso. En algunos estudios, no sólo no se redujo el riesgo de padecer enfermedades, sino que se observó un aumento de la mortalidad. En todo caso, el investigador aclara que «en la mayoría de trabajos que evaluaron la mortalidad se dieron dosis ingentes de antioxidantes».

En definitiva, los expertos abogan por ‘rehabilitar’ a los agentes oxidantes, que no siempre son los malos de la película. En ciertas circunstancias, la administración de antioxidantes es más dañina que beneficiosa.

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