Fabrican una retina en ‘miniatura’ a partir de células madre humanas
begisare.org/fabrican-una-retina-en-miniatura-a-partir-de-celulas-madre-humanas/
hwww.abc.es/
El nuevo miniórgano tiene la organización arquitectónica de la retina y también la capacidad de percibir la luz
X. ZHONG. C. GUTIERREZ AND M.V. CANTO-SOLER AT THE WILMER EYE INSTITUTE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Crean retina a partir de células madre
No es una retina, pero casi. Se trata de un tejido en 3D de retina humana creado a partir de células madre en el laboratorio y que posee células fotorreceptoras capaces de responder a la luz, el primer paso en el proceso de conversión en imágenes visuales. Lo acaba de lograr un equipo de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Johns Hopkins (EE.UU.) y puede servir para estudiar y, en el futuro, tratar y curar muchas enfermedades oculares relacionadas con la pérdida de visión por lesiones en la retina. «Básicamente hemos creado una retina humana en miniatura en un plato de laboratorio que no sólo tiene la organización arquitectónica de la retina, sino también la capacidad de percibir la luz», explica la coordinadora del estudio, M. Valeria Canto-Soler.
Al igual que muchos procesos en el cuerpo, la visión depende de distintos tipos de células que trabajan coordinadas y, en este caso concreto, se encargan de convertir la luz en algo que pueda ser reconocido por el cerebro como una imagen. Ahora bien, la investigadora advierte que los fotorreceptores son sólo «una parte de la historia del complejo proceso de la visión» en el que están implicados el cerebro y los ojos, y su laboratorio aún no ha recreado todas las funciones del ojo humano y su relación con la corteza visual del cerebro. La cuestión es, «¿puede nuestra retina en miniatura producir una señal visual que el cerebro pueda interpretar como una imagen? Probablemente no, pero este es un buen comienzo», asegura.
El prototipo de retina se ha fabricado a partir de células madre pluripotentes inducidas (iPS) humanas y podría, en el futuro, conducir a la ingeniería genética para el trasplante de células de la retina que podríandetener o incluso revertir la progresión de un paciente hacia la ceguera por una lesión en la retina.
Células progenitoras
Las posibilidades de las células iPS en el medicina regenerativa siguen en fase de experimentación, aunque ya hay resultados prometedores en algunos campos, como el cardiovascular. Las células iPS son células adultas que han sido reprogramadas genéticamente a su estado más primitivo y que, bajo circunstancias muy concretas y precisas, pueden desarrollarse en la mayoría o todos los tipos de células del organismo humano. En este caso, el equipo de la Universidad Johns Hopkins las reprogramó para que se convirtieran en células progenitoras de la retina cuya función es formar el tejido de la retina sensible a la luz que recubre la parte posterior del ojo.
El equipo de Canto-Soler empleó una sencilla técnica para fomentar el crecimiento de las células progenitoras de la retina. Así comprobaron el crecimiento correcto de las células de la retina y de los tejidos. Dicho desarrollo, señala el investigador Zhong Xiufeng, se correspondía en el tiempo y la duración del desarrollo de la retina en un feto humano en el útero. Además, añade, los fotorreceptores estaban lo suficientemente maduros como para desarrollar segmentos exteriores, una estructura esencial de los fotorreceptores para su funcionamiento.
El tejido de la retina es muy complejo; contiene siete tipos principales de células, incluyendo seis tipos de neuronas, que están organizadas en capas de células específicas que absorben y procesan la luz, son capaces de ‘ver’ y transmiten estas señales visuales al cerebro para que éste las interprete. Las retinas en miniatura fabricadas en el laboratorio de Canto-Soler recreaban la arquitectura tridimensional de la retina humana. «Sabíamos que era necesario generar una estructura celular en 3-D si queríamos reproducir las características funcionales de la retina», afirma Canto-Soler; sin embargo, «cuando comenzamos este trabajo no pensábamos que las células madre podrían acumularse en una retina casi por su propia cuenta. De alguna manera, las células sabían qué hacer».
Los fotorreceptores cultivados en el laboratorio respondieron a la luz de la misma forma que lo hace la retina
Cuando el tejido de la retina se hallaba en una fase equivalente a las 28 semanas de desarrollo en el útero materno, con los fotorreceptores bastante maduros, los investigadores probaron la ‘mini-retinas’ para ver si los fotorreceptores eran capaces de sentir la luz y de transformarla en señales visuales. Para ello, explican en el artículo que se publica en «Nature Communications», colocaron un electrodo en una sola celda de fotorreceptores y administraron posteriormente un ‘pulso’ de luz en la célula, que provocaba una reacción similar a un patrón bioquímico del comportamiento de los fotorreceptores en las personas cuando se exponen a la luz. En esta ocasión, señala la investigadora, los fotorreceptores cultivados en el laboratorio respondieron a la luz de la misma forma que lo hace la retina.
Retinitis pigmentosa
El trabajo es importante porque este sistema ofrece la posibilidad de generar cientos de mini-retinas a la vez directamente de una persona afectada por una enfermedad de la retina, como la retinitis pigmentosa. Esto, subraya Canto-Soler- proporciona un sistema biológico único para estudiar la causa de enfermedades de la retina directamente en el tejido humano, en lugar de basarse en modelos animales. «El sistema –añade- abre un abanico de posibilidades para la medicina personalizada, como probar fármacos para tratar estas enfermedades de una manera específica para cada paciente. A largo plazo, el potencial también estaría en reemplazar el tejido retiniano enfermo o muerto con material de laboratorio fabricado con el fin de crecido restaurar la visión».
URL: www.abc.es
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